I. Core Function Overview
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO · 2H₂O) ndi yofunika kwambiri multifunctional chakudya chowonjezera mu aquaculture. Poyamba adapezeka kuti ndi chakudya chofunikira kwambiri pazakudya za nsomba. Komabe, ndi kafukufuku wozama, ntchito zofunikira kwambiri za thupi zawululidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala chida chofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera thanzi ndi kukula kwa nyama zam'madzi.

II. Ntchito Zazikulu ndi Njira Zogwirira Ntchito

1. Chakudya Champhamvu Chokopa
Ili ndiye gawo lapamwamba komanso lodziwika bwino la TMAO.

• Njira: Zinthu zambiri zam'madzi, makamakansomba zam'madzi,Mwachilengedwe muli TMAO wambiri, womwe ndi gwero lofunikira la kununkhira kwa "umami" wa nsomba zam'madzi. Njira zokometsera ndi zokometsera za nyama zam'madzi zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi TMAO, pozindikira kuti ndi "chizindikiro cha chakudya".
• Zotsatira:
  • Kuonjezera Kudya: Kuonjezera TMAO kudyetsa kungapangitse chidwi cha nsomba ndi shrimp, makamaka panthawi yoyamba kudya kapena mitundu yosankha, kukopa mwamsanga kuti idye.
  • Kuchepetsa Nthawi Yodyetsera: Kufupikitsa nthawi ya chakudya yomwe imakhala m'madzi, kuchepetsa kutaya kwa chakudya ndi kuipitsidwa kwa madzi.
  • Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito pazakudya zina: Pamene zakudya zomanga thupi (mwachitsanzo, soya) zigwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa ufa wa nsomba, kuwonjezera TMAO kungathe kubwezera kusowa kwa kakomedwe kake ndikupangitsa kuti chakudya chikhale chokoma.

2. Osmolyte (Osmotic Pressure Regulator)
Ichi ndi ntchito yofunikira ya thupi la TMAO pa nsomba zam'madzi ndi nsomba za diadromous.

• Njira: Madzi a m'nyanja ndi malo a hyperosmotic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi a m'thupi la nsomba azitayika nthawi zonse m'nyanja. Pofuna kuti madzi asamayende bwino, nsomba zam'madzi zimamwa madzi a m'nyanja ndipo zimachulukana kwambiri ndi ma ion (mwachitsanzo, Na⁺, Cl⁻). TMAO imagwira ntchito ngati "solute yogwirizana" yomwe imatha kuthana ndi zosokoneza za kuchuluka kwa ayoni pama protein, zomwe zimathandiza kukhazikika kwa mapuloteni a intracellular.
• Zotsatira:
  • Kuchepetsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu kwa Osmoregulatory: Kuwonjezera ndiMtengo TMAOzimathandiza nsomba za m'nyanja kuyendetsa bwino mphamvu ya osmotic, motero imatsogolera mphamvu zambiri kuchokera "kusunga moyo" kupita ku "kukula ndi kubereka".
  • Kupititsa patsogolo Kupirira Kupsinjika: Pakakhala kusinthasintha kwa salinity kapena kupsinjika kwa chilengedwe, TMAO supplementation imathandizira kukhalabe ndi homeostasis yakuthupi ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kupulumuka.

3. Mapuloteni Stabilizer
TMAO ili ndi luso lapadera loteteza mapangidwe atatu a mapuloteni.

• Mechanism: Pamavuto (mwachitsanzo, kutentha kwambiri, kutaya madzi m'thupi, kuthamanga kwambiri), mapuloteni amatha kusinthika komanso kusagwira ntchito. TMAO imatha kuyanjana mosagwirizana ndi mamolekyu a protein, kukhala osasankhidwa kuchokera ku protein ya hydration sphere, potero kukhazikitsira mkhalidwe wopindika wa mapuloteni ndikuletsa kusinthika.
• Zotsatira:
  • Kuteteza Thanzi la M'matumbo: Panthawi ya chimbudzi, ma enzymes am'mimba amafunika kukhalabe achangu. TMAO imatha kukhazikika ma enzymes am'mimbawa, ndikuwongolera kagayidwe kachakudya ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito.
  • Kumawonjezera Kulimbana ndi Kupsinjika Maganizo: Pa nyengo yotentha kwambiri kapena kuyenda, pamene nyama za m'madzi zimayang'anizana ndi kutentha kwa kutentha, TMAO imathandiza kuteteza kukhazikika kwa mapuloteni osiyanasiyana ogwira ntchito (mwachitsanzo, ma enzyme, mapuloteni apangidwe) m'thupi, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kokhudzana ndi kupsinjika maganizo.

4. Imalimbitsa Thanzi la M'mimba ndi Mophology

• Mechanism: Zotsatira za osmoregulatory ndi protein-stabilizing za TMAO pamodzi zimapereka microenvironment yokhazikika ya maselo a m'mimba. Ikhoza kulimbikitsa kukula kwa intestinal villi, kuonjezera malo otsekemera.
• Zotsatira:
  • Kumalimbikitsa Kuyamwa kwa Zakudya: Kukhala ndi thanzi labwino m'matumbo kumatanthauza kuyamwa bwino kwa michere, komwe ndikofunikira pakuwongolera kusintha kwa chakudya.
  • Imakulitsa Ntchito Yolepheretsa M'mimba: Zingathandize kusunga umphumphu wa matumbo a m'mimba, kuchepetsa kuukira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi poizoni.

5. methyl Donor
TMAO imatha kutenga nawo gawo mu metabolism mkati mwa thupi, kukhala ngati methyl donor.

• Mechanism: nthawi ya metabolism,Mtengo TMAO atha kupereka magulu a methyl yogwira, kutenga nawo mbali pazochitika zosiyanasiyana zofunika zamoyo, monga kaphatikizidwe ka phospholipids, creatine, ndi neurotransmitters.
• Zotsatira zake: Zimalimbikitsa kukula, makamaka panthawi ya kukula kofulumira kumene kufunikira kwa magulu a methyl kumawonjezeka; TMAO supplementation ingathandize kukwaniritsa izi.

III. Zolinga Zogwiritsira Ntchito ndi Kuganizira

• Zolinga Zoyambira:
  • Nsomba Zam'madzi: Monga turbot, grouper, croaker yayikulu yachikasu, ma bass a m'nyanja, ndi zina zambiri.
  • Nsomba za Diadromous: Monga salmonids (salmon), zomwe zimafunikiranso panthawi yaulimi wapanyanja.
  • Crustaceans: Monga prawns/shrimp ndi nkhanu. Kafukufuku akuwonetsanso kuti TMAO ili ndi zokopa zabwino komanso zolimbikitsa kukula.
  • Nsomba Zam'madzi Atsopano: Ngakhale nsomba za m'madzi opanda mchere sizimapanga TMAO okha, machitidwe awo onunkhira amatha kuzizindikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zogwira mtima ngati chakudya chokopa. Komabe, ntchito ya osmoregulatory sikugwira ntchito m'madzi opanda mchere.
• Mlingo ndi Malingaliro:
  • Mlingo: Mulingo wowonjezera wa chakudya nthawi zambiri umakhala 0.1% mpaka 0.3% (ie, 1-3 kg pa tani ya chakudya). Mlingo weniweniwo uyenera kutsimikiziridwa potengera kuyesa kwa mitundu yokulirapo, siteji ya kukula, kapangidwe ka chakudya, ndi momwe madzi amakhalira.
  • Ubale ndi Choline ndi Betaine: Choline ndi betaine ndi zoyambira ku TMAO ndipo zimatha kusinthidwa kukhala TMAO m'thupi. Komabe, sangalowe m'malo mwa TMAO chifukwa cha kusinthika kochepa komanso kukopa kwapadera kwa TMAO komanso kukhazikika kwa mapuloteni. Muzochita, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito synergistically.
  • Nkhani Zochulukirachulukira: Kuonjezera (kuposa mlingo wovomerezeka) kungayambitse kuwononga ndalama komanso kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa pa zamoyo zina, koma pakali pano kumawoneka kuti ndi kotetezeka pazowonjezereka.

IV. Chidule
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO · 2H₂O) ndiwowonjezera bwino, wogwiritsa ntchito zambiri pazakudya zam'madzi zomwe zimaphatikiza ntchito zokopa chidwi, kuwongolera kuthamanga kwa osmotic, kukhazikika kwa mapuloteni, komanso kukonza thanzi lamatumbo.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake sikumangowonjezera kuchuluka kwa chakudya komanso kukula kwa nyama zam'madzi komanso kumapangitsanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chakudya moyenera komanso thanzi lazamoyo pochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi ndikulimbitsa kupsinjika. Pamapeto pake, imapereka chithandizo champhamvu chaukadaulo pakukulitsa kupanga, kuchita bwino, komanso chitukuko chokhazikika chaulimi wamadzi. M'zakudya zamakono zam'madzi, makamaka nsomba zapamwamba zam'madzi, zakhala zofunikira kwambiri.