I. Chidule cha Ntchito Yaikulu
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO·2H₂O) ndi chakudya chofunikira kwambiri chowonjezera pa ntchito zambiri zoweta nsomba. Poyamba chinapezeka ngati chokopa chakudya mu ufa wa nsomba. Komabe, ndi kafukufuku wozama, ntchito zofunika kwambiri za thupi zavumbulidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhale chida chofunikira kwambiri pakukweza thanzi ndi kukula kwa nyama zam'madzi.

II. Ntchito Zazikulu ndi Njira Zogwirira Ntchito

1. Chokoka Chakudya Champhamvu
Uwu ndi udindo wakale kwambiri komanso wodziwika bwino wa TMAO.

• Njira: Zinthu zambiri zam'madzi, makamakansomba za m'nyanja,Mwachilengedwe muli TMAO yambiri, yomwe ndi gwero lalikulu la kukoma kwa "umami" kwa nsomba za m'nyanja. Ma fungo ndi kukoma kwa nyama za m'madzi zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi TMAO, zomwe zimazindikira kuti ndi "chizindikiro cha chakudya".
• Zotsatira:
  • Kuchuluka kwa Chakudya: Kuwonjezera TMAO ku chakudya kungathandize kwambiri kuti nsomba ndi nkhanu zikhale ndi chilakolako chofuna kudya, makamaka panthawi yoyambirira yodyetsa kapena mitundu yosankha, zomwe zimawakopa kuti azidya.
  • Kuchepetsa Nthawi Yodyetsa: Kumachepetsa nthawi yomwe chakudya chimatsala m'madzi, kuchepetsa kutayika kwa chakudya komanso kuipitsidwa kwa madzi.
  • Kugwiritsidwa Ntchito mu Zakudya Zina: Pamene magwero a mapuloteni a zomera (monga ufa wa soya) agwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa ufa wa nsomba, kuwonjezera TMAO kungathandize kuchepetsa kusowa kwa kukoma ndikuwongolera kukoma kwa chakudya.

2. Osmolyte (Osmotic Pressure Regulator)
Imeneyi ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya TMAO pa nsomba za m'nyanja ndi nsomba za diadromous.

• Njira: Madzi a m'nyanja ndi malo okhala ndi osmotic yambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi mkati mwa thupi la nsomba azitayika nthawi zonse kupita kunyanja. Kuti madzi azikhala bwino mkati, nsomba zam'madzi zimamwa madzi a m'nyanja ndikusonkhanitsa ma ion ambiri osapangidwa (monga Na⁺, Cl⁻). TMAO imagwira ntchito ngati "solute yogwirizana" yomwe imatha kuthana ndi zotsatira zosokoneza za kuchuluka kwa ma ion ambiri pa kapangidwe ka mapuloteni, zomwe zimathandiza kukhazikika kwa ntchito ya mapuloteni mkati mwa maselo.
• Zotsatira:
  • Kuchepetsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu ya Osmoregulatory: Kuwonjezera paTMAOzimathandiza nsomba zam'madzi kulamulira kuthamanga kwa osmotic bwino, motero kutsogolera mphamvu zambiri kuchokera ku "kusunga moyo" kupita ku "kukula ndi kubereka".
  • Kulekerera Kupsinjika Maganizo Kwabwino: Pakakhala kusintha kwa mchere kapena kupsinjika kwa chilengedwe, kuwonjezera kwa TMAO kumathandiza kusunga homeostasis ya zamoyo ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa moyo.

3. Chokhazikitsa Mapuloteni
TMAO ili ndi mphamvu yapadera yoteteza kapangidwe ka mapuloteni ka magawo atatu.

• Njira: Pakakhala mavuto (monga kutentha kwambiri, kusowa madzi m'thupi, kuthamanga kwambiri kwa magazi), mapuloteni amatha kusokonekera komanso kulephera kugwira ntchito. TMAO imatha kuyanjana ndi mamolekyu a mapuloteni mwanjira ina, zomwe zimachotsedwa m'malo osungira madzi a mapuloteni, motero zimapangitsa kuti puloteniyo ikhale yokhazikika komanso kuti isawonongeke.
• Zotsatira:
  • Zimateteza Thanzi la M'mimba: Pakugaya chakudya, ma enzyme a m'mimba amafunika kukhalabe ogwira ntchito. TMAO imatha kukhazikika m'ma enzyme amenewa, ndikupangitsa kuti chakudya chizigaya bwino komanso chizigwiritsidwa ntchito bwino.
  • Zimathandizira Kulimbana ndi Kupsinjika Maganizo: Mu nyengo yotentha kwambiri kapena mayendedwe, pamene nyama zam'madzi zimakumana ndi kutentha kwambiri, TMAO imathandiza kuteteza kukhazikika kwa mapuloteni osiyanasiyana ogwira ntchito (monga ma enzyme, mapuloteni omangira) m'thupi, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kupsinjika maganizo.

4. Kumawongolera Thanzi la M'mimba ndi Kapangidwe kake

• Njira: Mphamvu ya TMAO yolimbitsa ma osmoregulatory ndi protein-stabilizing imapereka chilengedwe chokhazikika cha maselo am'mimba. Zingathandize kuti ma intestine villi apangidwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malo omwe amayamwa azitha kuyamwa azitha kuyamwa.
• Zotsatira:
  • Zimathandiza Kumwa Zakudya: Kapangidwe kabwino ka m'mimba kumatanthauza kuti zakudya zimalowa bwino m'thupi, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukweza chiŵerengero cha zakudya zomwe zimadyedwa.
  • Zimathandizira Kugwira Ntchito kwa Mimba: Zingathandize kusunga umphumphu wa mucosa wa m'mimba, kuchepetsa kulowa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi poizoni.

5. Wopereka Methyl
TMAO imatha kutenga nawo mbali mu kagayidwe kachakudya m'thupi, ikugwira ntchito ngati wopereka methyl.

• Njira: Panthawi ya kagayidwe kachakudya,TMAO imatha kupereka magulu a methyl ogwira ntchito, kutenga nawo mbali mu machitidwe osiyanasiyana ofunikira a biochemical, monga kupanga ma phospholipids, creatine, ndi ma neurotransmitters.
• Zotsatira: Zimathandizira kukula, makamaka panthawi ya kukula mwachangu komwe kufunikira kwa magulu a methyl kumawonjezeka; kuwonjezera kwa TMAO kungathandize kukwaniritsa kufunikira kumeneku.

III. Zolinga ndi Zoganizira Zogwiritsira Ntchito

• Zolinga Zoyambira Zogwiritsira Ntchito:
  • Nsomba Zam'madzi: Monga turbot, grouper, large yellow croaker, sea bass, ndi zina zotero. Kufunika kwawo kwa TMAO ndikofunikira kwambiri chifukwa ntchito yake yotulutsa mpweya m'thupi ndi yofunika kwambiri.
  • Nsomba za Diadromous: Monga nsomba za salmonid (salmon), zomwe zimafunikanso panthawi ya ulimi wa m'nyanja.
  • Nyama zotchedwa crustaceans: Monga nkhanu/shrimp ndi nkhanu. Kafukufuku akuwonetsanso kuti TMAO ili ndi zotsatira zabwino zokopa komanso zokulitsa kukula.
  • Nsomba za m'madzi oyera: Ngakhale kuti nsomba za m'madzi oyera sizipanga TMAO zokha, machitidwe awo onunkhiritsa amathabe kuzizindikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zokopa chakudya. Komabe, ntchito ya osmoregulatory sigwira ntchito m'madzi oyera.
• Mlingo ndi Zofunika Kuziganizira:
  • Mlingo: Mlingo wowonjezera chakudya nthawi zambiri umakhala pakati pa 0.1% ndi 0.3% (monga 1-3 kg pa tani ya chakudya). Mlingo weniweni uyenera kutsimikiziridwa kutengera mayeso poganizira za mtundu wa nyama zomwe zakula, gawo la kukula, kapangidwe ka chakudya, ndi momwe madzi alili.
  • Ubale ndi Choline ndi Betaine: Choline ndi betaine ndi zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa TMAO ndipo zimatha kusinthidwa kukhala TMAO m'thupi. Komabe, sizingalowe m'malo mwa TMAO kwathunthu chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mphamvu yosinthira komanso ntchito yapadera ya TMAO yokopa komanso yokhazikika kwa mapuloteni. M'machitidwe, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mogwirizana.
  • Mavuto Okhudza Kuchuluka kwa Mankhwala: Kuwonjezera kwambiri (kuposa kuchuluka kovomerezeka) kungayambitse kuwononga ndalama ndipo kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoipa pa mitundu ina ya nyama, koma pakadali pano kumaonedwa kuti ndi kotetezeka pamlingo wamba wowonjezera.

Chidule cha IV.
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO·2H₂O) ndi chakudya chowonjezera chomwe chimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri komanso chogwira ntchito zambiri mu ulimi wa nsomba chomwe chimagwirizanitsa ntchito zokopa chakudya, kulamulira kuthamanga kwa osmotic, kukhazikika kwa mapuloteni, komanso kukonza thanzi la m'mimba.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake sikuti kumawonjezera mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe chimapezeka m'madzi komanso liwiro la kukula kwa nyama zam'madzi komanso kumawonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chakudya komanso thanzi la zamoyo mwa kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi komanso kulimbitsa kukana kupsinjika. Pomaliza, kumapereka chithandizo champhamvu chaukadaulo chowonjezera kupanga, kugwira ntchito bwino, komanso chitukuko chokhazikika cha ulimi wa nsomba. Mu chakudya chamakono cha m'madzi, makamaka chakudya cha nsomba zam'madzi chapamwamba, chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri.