Betaine imakhudza bwino matumbo a ana a nkhumba omwe asiya kuyamwa, koma nthawi zambiri imaiwalika poganizira zowonjezera zomwe zingathandize thanzi la matumbo kapena kuchepetsa mavuto okhudzana ndi kutsegula m'mimba. Kuwonjezera betaine ngati michere yothandiza kudyetsa ziweto kungakhudze ziweto m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Choyamba, betaine ili ndi mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri yopereka gulu la methyl, makamaka m'chiwindi cha nyama. Chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa magulu a methyl osakhazikika, kapangidwe ka mankhwala osiyanasiyana monga methionine, carnitine ndi creatine kamakulitsidwa. Motero, betaine imakhudza kagayidwe ka mapuloteni, mafuta ndi mphamvu za nyama, motero imasintha bwino kapangidwe ka nyama.
Kachiwiri, betaine ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku chakudya ngati choteteza chachilengedwe. Betaine imagwira ntchito ngati osmoprotectorant, kuthandiza maselo m'thupi lonse kusunga bwino madzi ndi ntchito zamaselo, makamaka nthawi yamavuto. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi zotsatira zabwino za betaine pa nyama zomwe zikuvutika ndi kutentha.
Zotsatira zabwino zosiyanasiyana pa magwiridwe antchito a ziweto zafotokozedwa chifukwa cha kuwonjezera betaine mu mawonekedwe a anhydrous kapena hydrochloride. Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana kwambiri njira zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito betaine ngati chowonjezera cha chakudya kuti chithandizire thanzi la m'matumbo mwa ana a nkhumba olekanitsidwa.
Kafukufuku wambiri wa betaine wanena za zotsatira za betaine pa kugaya bwino zakudya m'matumbo a nkhumba. Kuwona mobwerezabwereza kuchuluka kwa kugaya bwino kwa ulusi mu ileum (ulusi wosaphika kapena ulusi wosalowerera komanso wothira asidi) kukusonyeza kuti betaine imalimbikitsa kuyaka kwa mabakiteriya m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono chifukwa ma enterocytes sapanga ma enzyme owononga ulusi. Zigawo za zomera zokhala ndi ulusi zimakhala ndi michere yomwe imatha kutulutsidwa ulusi wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ukawola. Motero, kusintha kwa kugaya bwino kwa zinthu zouma ndi phulusa losaphika kunawonedwanso. Pamlingo wonse wa m'mimba, ana a nkhumba omwe amadyetsedwa zakudya za 800 mg betaine/kg adawonetsa kugaya bwino kwa mapuloteni osaphika (+6.4%) ndi zinthu zouma (+4.2%). Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti kugaya bwino kwa mapuloteni osaphika (+3.7%) ndi ether extract (+6.7%) kunakhala bwino ndi betaine yowonjezera pa 1250 mg/kg.
Chifukwa chimodzi chomwe chingapangitse kuti michere ichuluke kwambiri ndi momwe betaine imakhudzira kupanga ma enzyme. Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa in vivo pa zotsatira za betaine supplementation mu nkhumba zoyamwitsa ana adayesa momwe ma enzyme onse amagayira chakudya (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin ndi chymotrypsin) amagwirira ntchito mu digesta (Chithunzi 1). Ntchito ya ma enzyme onse idakwera, kupatula maltase, ndipo zotsatira za betaine zidawonekera kwambiri pa mlingo wa 2500 mg betaine/kg feed kuposa pa mlingo wa 1250 mg/kg feed. Kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito kungachitike chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma enzyme, komanso kungachitike chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya ma enzyme. Kuyesa kwa in vitro kwawonetsa kuti ntchito za trypsin ndi amylase zimalepheretsedwa popanga kuthamanga kwa osmotic kudzera mu kuwonjezera NaCl. Mu kuyesaku, kuwonjezera betaine pamlingo wosiyanasiyana kunabwezeretsa mphamvu yoletsa ya NaCl ndikuwongolera ntchito ya ma enzyme. Komabe, pamene palibe sodium chloride yomwe inawonjezeredwa ku yankho la buffer, betaine inclusion complex sinakhudze ntchito ya enzyme pamlingo wochepa, koma inawonetsa mphamvu yoletsa pamlingo wokwera.
Kukula bwino kwa thupi ndi kusintha kwa chakudya kwanenedwa mwa nkhumba zomwe zimadya betaine, komanso kugaya bwino chakudya. Kuwonjezera betaine ku zakudya za nkhumba kumachepetsanso mphamvu zomwe nyama imafuna. Lingaliro la izi ndilakuti pamene betaine ikupezeka kuti isunge kuthamanga kwa osmotic mkati mwa maselo, kufunikira kwa ma ion pumps (njira yomwe imafuna mphamvu) kumachepa. Chifukwa chake, m'mikhalidwe yomwe kudya mphamvu kumakhala kochepa, mphamvu yowonjezera ya betaine ikuyembekezeka kukhala yayikulu powonjezera kukula m'malo mosunga mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira.
Maselo a epithelial a khoma la m'mimba ayenera kuthana ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya osmotic yomwe imapangidwa ndi zomwe zili mu lumen ya m'matumbo panthawi yogaya zakudya. Nthawi yomweyo, maselo a epithelial a m'matumbo awa ndi ofunikira powongolera kusinthana kwa madzi ndi michere yosiyanasiyana pakati pa lumen ya m'matumbo ndi plasma. Pofuna kuteteza maselo ku mikhalidwe yovutayi, betaine ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cholowa m'thupi. Ngati muyang'ana kuchuluka kwa betaine m'maselo osiyanasiyana, mutha kuwona kuti minofu ya m'matumbo ili ndi kuchuluka kwa betaine. Kuphatikiza apo, zadziwika kuti milingo iyi ingakhudzidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa betaine muzakudya. Maselo olinganizidwa bwino adzakhala ndi mphamvu yokulirakulira bwino komanso kukhazikika bwino. Mwachidule, ofufuza adapeza kuti kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa betaine m'makanda a nkhumba kumawonjezera kutalika kwa duodenal villi ndi kuzama kwa ma crypts a ileal, ndipo villi imakhala yofanana kwambiri.
Mu kafukufuku wina, kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika kwa villous popanda kukhudza kuya kwa crypt kungawonekere mu duodenum, jejunum, ndi ileum. Mphamvu yoteteza ya betaine pa kapangidwe ka matumbo ikhoza kukhala yofunika kwambiri pa matenda enaake (osmotic), monga momwe zawonedwera mu nkhuku za broiler zomwe zili ndi coccidia.
Chotchinga cha m'mimba chimapangidwa makamaka ndi maselo a epithelial omwe amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake kudzera mu mapuloteni olimba. Kukhazikika kwa chotchinga ichi ndikofunikira kuti zinthu zovulaza ndi mabakiteriya opatsirana asalowe m'thupi zomwe zingayambitse kutupa. Mu nkhumba, zotsatira zoyipa pa chotchinga cha m'mimba zimaganiziridwa kuti zimachitika chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa chakudya ndi mycotoxins kapena chimodzi mwa zotsatira zoyipa za kutentha.
Kuti muyese zotsatira zake pa zotsatira za chotchinga, mizere ya maselo nthawi zambiri imayesedwa mu vitro poyesa kukana kwa magetsi kwa transepithelial (TEER). Kusintha kwa TEER kwawonedwa m'mayesero ambiri a mu vitro chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito betaine. TEER imachepa maselo akamakumana ndi kutentha kwambiri (42°C) (Chithunzi 2). Kuwonjezera betaine ku malo okulira a maselo otenthawa kunachepetsa kuchepa kwa TEER, kusonyeza kuti kutentha kwa thupi kumawonjezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro a mu vivo mwa ana a nkhumba adawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa kuwonetsa kwa mapuloteni olimba (occludin, claudin1 ndi zonula occlusions-1) mu minofu ya jejunal ya nyama zomwe zimalandira betaine pa mlingo wa 1250 mg/kg poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito ya diamine oxidase, chizindikiro cha kuwonongeka kwa mucosal ya m'matumbo, idachepa kwambiri mu plasma ya nkhumba izi, kusonyeza chotchinga champhamvu cha m'matumbo. Pamene betaine idawonjezeredwa ku zakudya za nkhumba zomaliza, kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yolimba ya m'matumbo kunayesedwa pakuphedwa.
Posachedwapa, maphunziro angapo agwirizanitsa betaine ndi dongosolo la antioxidant ndipo afotokoza kuchepa kwa ma free radicals, kuchepa kwa malondialdehyde (MDA), komanso kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito ya glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa ana a nkhumba wasonyeza kuti ntchito ya GSH-Px mu jejunum inawonjezeka, pomwe betaine ya zakudya sinakhudze MDA.
Betaine siimangogwira ntchito ngati osmoprotector mwa nyama zokha, komanso mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana amatha kusonkhanitsa betaine kudzera mu de novo synthesis kapena kunyamula kuchokera ku chilengedwe. Pali umboni wakuti betaine ikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pa zomera za bakiteriya m'mimba mwa ana a nkhumba oleka kuyamwa. Chiwerengero chonse cha mabakiteriya a ileal chinawonjezeka, makamaka bifidobacteria ndi lactobacilli. Kuphatikiza apo, chiwerengero chochepa cha Enterobacteriaceae chinapezeka mu ndowe.
Zotsatira zomaliza zomwe zinawonedwa za betaine pa thanzi la m'mimba mwa ana a nkhumba olekanitsidwa zinali kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda otsegula m'mimba. Zotsatirazi zitha kudalira mlingo: kuwonjezera zakudya ndi betaine pa mlingo wa 2500 mg/kg kunali kothandiza kwambiri pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda otsegula m'mimba kuposa betaine pa mlingo wa 1250 mg/kg. Komabe, magwiridwe antchito a ana a nkhumba olekanitsidwa anali ofanana pamlingo wonse wowonjezera. Ofufuza ena awonetsa kuchuluka kochepa kwa matenda otsegula m'mimba ndi matenda mwa ana a nkhumba olekanitsidwa akapatsidwa 800 mg/kg betaine.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, betaine hydrochloride imatha kupangitsa kuti asidi akhale gwero la betaine. Mu mankhwala, betaine hydrochloride supplements nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi pepsin kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi mavuto am'mimba komanso m'mimba. Pankhaniyi, betaine hydrochloride imakhala ngati gwero lotetezeka la hydrochloric acid. Ngakhale palibe chidziwitso chokhudza izi pamene betaine hydrochloride ikuphatikizidwa mu chakudya cha ana a nkhumba, zingakhale zofunikira. Zimadziwika kuti mwa ana a nkhumba omwe asiya kuyamwa, pH ya m'mimba imatha kukhala yokwera (pH > 4), motero imasokoneza kuyambika kwa enzyme yowononga mapuloteni a pepsin mu precursor pepsinogen. Kugaya bwino mapuloteni ndikofunikira osati kokha kuti nyama zitha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino michere iyi. Kuphatikiza apo, mapuloteni osagayidwa bwino amatha kubweretsa kuchuluka kosafunikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuwonjezera vuto la kutsegula m'mimba pambuyo posiya kuyamwa. Betaine ili ndi pKa yotsika ya pafupifupi 1.8, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti betaine hydrochloride isiyane ikadyedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti acidity ya m'mimba ichuluke. Kugayanso kwa asidi kwakanthawi kumeneku kwawonedwa mu maphunziro oyamba a anthu komanso mu maphunziro a agalu. Agalu omwe kale ankalandira mankhwala ochepetsa asidi adakumana ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa pH ya m'mimba kuchokera pa pH 7 mpaka pH 2 atalandira mlingo umodzi wa 750 mg kapena 1500 mg wa betaine hydrochloride. Komabe, agalu omwe sanalandire mankhwalawa, pH ya m'mimba idatsika kwambiri. Pafupifupi 2, mosasamala kanthu za kudya betaine HCl.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com