Chidule

Kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwa kafukufuku wa chakudya cha carbohydrate mu zakudya ndi thanzi la nkhumba ndi kugawa bwino kwa chakudya cha carbohydrate, chomwe sichimangotengera kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, komanso kutengera mawonekedwe ake a thupi. Kuphatikiza pa kukhala gwero lalikulu la mphamvu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kapangidwe ka chakudya cha carbohydrate ndi kopindulitsa pa thanzi la nkhumba. Amathandizira pakulimbikitsa kukula ndi ntchito ya m'matumbo a nkhumba, kuwongolera gulu la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo, komanso kuwongolera kagayidwe ka mafuta ndi shuga. Njira yoyambira ya chakudya cha carbohydrate ndi kudzera mu metabolites zake (short chain fatty acids [SCFAs]) komanso makamaka kudzera mu scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk ndi scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK njira zowongolera kagayidwe ka mafuta ndi shuga. Kafukufuku watsopano wafufuza kuphatikiza kwabwino kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kapangidwe ka chakudya cha carbohydrate, komwe kungathandize kukonza magwiridwe antchito akukula ndi kugaya zakudya, kulimbikitsa magwiridwe antchito a m'matumbo, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya opanga butyrate mu nkhumba. Ponseponse, umboni wokhutiritsa umathandizira lingaliro lakuti chakudya cha carbohydrate chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito zathanzi ndi thanzi la nkhumba. Kuphatikiza apo, kudziwa kapangidwe ka chakudya cham'thupi kudzakhala ndi phindu la chiphunzitso komanso lothandiza pakukula kwa ukadaulo wolinganiza chakudya m'thupi mwa nkhumba.

1. Mawu Oyamba

Ma polymeric carbohydrate, starch ndi nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) ndi zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhumba zipeze mphamvu komanso mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhumba zikhale ndi mphamvu zokwana 60% - 70% ya mphamvu yonse yomwe imafunika (Bach Knudsen). Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chakudya ndi kapangidwe kake ndi zovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimakhudza nkhumba. Kafukufuku wakale wasonyeza kuti kudyetsa nkhumba ndi starch ndi amylose yosiyana ndi amylose (AM / AP) ratio kumayankha bwino momwe nkhumba zimakulira (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). Ulusi wazakudya, womwe umapangidwa makamaka ndi NSP, umakhulupirira kuti umachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito michere ndi mphamvu zonse za nyama imodzi yokha (NOBLET ndi le, 2001). Komabe, kudya ulusi wazakudya sikunakhudze momwe nkhumba zimakulira (Han & Lee, 2005). Umboni wochulukirachulukira ukusonyeza kuti ulusi wazakudya umathandiza kuti matumbo a nkhumba azigwira bwino ntchito komanso kuti ana a nkhumba azigwira ntchito yoteteza m'mimba, komanso kuchepetsa kutsekula m'mimba (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg, 2014; Wu et al., 2018). Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuphunzira momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito bwino chakudya chamafuta chovuta muzakudya, makamaka chakudya chokhala ndi ulusi wambiri. Makhalidwe a kapangidwe ka chakudya ndi kapangidwe kake ndi ntchito zawo zathanzi komanso thanzi la nkhumba ziyenera kufotokozedwa ndikuganiziridwa mu njira zodyetsera. NSP ndi starch yokana (RS) ndi ma carbohydrate akuluakulu osagayidwa (wey et al., 2011), pomwe microbiota ya m'matumbo imapatsa ma carbohydrate osagayidwa kukhala ma acid amafuta afupiafupi (SCFAs); Turnbaugh et al., 2006). Kuphatikiza apo, ma oligosaccharide ena ndi ma polysaccharide amaonedwa ngati ma probiotic a nyama, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa Lactobacillus ndi Bifidobacterium m'matumbo (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; Mø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al., 2008). Kuonjezera kwa Oligosaccharide kwanenedwa kuti kumawongolera kapangidwe ka microbiota ya m'matumbo (de Lange et al., 2010). Pofuna kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa kukula kwa maantibayotiki popanga nkhumba, ndikofunikira kupeza njira zina zopezera thanzi labwino la nyama. Pali mwayi wowonjezera mitundu yambiri ya chakudya cha nkhumba. Umboni wochulukirapo ukuwonetsa kuti kuphatikiza bwino kwa starch, NSP ndi MOS kumatha kulimbikitsa magwiridwe antchito akukula ndi kugaya michere, kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya opanga butyrate, ndikuwonjezera kagayidwe ka mafuta m'thupi la nkhumba zoyamwitsa mpaka pamlingo winawake (Zhou, Chen, et al., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020). Chifukwa chake, cholinga cha pepalali ndikuwunikanso kafukufuku waposachedwa wokhudza udindo waukulu wa chakudya cham'mimba pakulimbikitsa kukula ndi ntchito ya m'matumbo, kuwongolera gulu la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo ndi thanzi la kagayidwe kachakudya, komanso kufufuza kuphatikiza kwa chakudya cham'mimba m'nkhumba.

2. Kugawa chakudya m'magulu

Zakudya za carbohydrates zitha kugawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi kukula kwa mamolekyu awo, digiri ya polymerization (DP), mtundu wolumikizira (a kapena b) ndi kapangidwe ka ma monomers amodzi (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti gulu lalikulu la chakudya cha carbohydrates limachokera ku DP yawo, monga monosaccharides kapena disaccharides (DP, 1-2), oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) ndi polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), zomwe zimapangidwa ndi starch, NSP ndi glycosidic bonds (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et aL., 2007; Table 1). Kusanthula kwa mankhwala ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse zotsatira za chakudya cha carbohydrates m'thupi ndi thanzi. Ndi kuzindikira bwino kwambiri kwa mankhwala a chakudya, ndizotheka kuwaphatikiza m'magulu malinga ndi zotsatira zawo pa thanzi ndi thupi ndikuziphatikiza mu dongosolo lonse la gulu (englyst et al., 2007). Chakudya (monosaccharides, disaccharides, ndi starch zambiri) zomwe zimatha kugayidwa ndi ma enzymes omwe ali m'mimba ndikuyamwa m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono zimafotokozedwa ngati chakudya chogayidwa kapena chomwe chilipo (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). Chakudya chomwe sichimagayidwa bwino m'matumbo, kapena chomwe sichimayamwa bwino komanso kusinthidwa kukhala kagayidwe kachakudya, koma chingawonongeke ndi kuyamwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chimaonedwa ngati chakudya cholimba, monga NSP yambiri, oligosaccharides yosagayidwa ndi RS. Kwenikweni, chakudya cholimba chimafotokozedwa ngati chosagayidwa kapena chosagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma chimapereka kufotokozera kolondola kwa gulu la chakudya (englyst et al., 2007).

3.1 Kukula kwa ntchito

Wowuma umapangidwa ndi mitundu iwiri ya ma polysaccharide. Amylose (AM) ndi mtundu wa wowuma wolunjika wa α (1-4) wolumikizidwa ndi dextran, amylopectin (AP) ndi α (1-4) wolumikizidwa ndi dextran, wokhala ndi pafupifupi 5% dextran α (1-6) kuti apange molekyulu yolumikizidwa ndi nthambi (tester et al., 2004). Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka mamolekyu osiyanasiyana, wowuma wolemera wa AP ndi wosavuta kugaya, pomwe wowuma wolemera wa am si wosavuta kugaya (Singh et al., 2010). Kafukufuku wakale wasonyeza kuti kudya wowuma ndi ma AM / AP ratios osiyanasiyana kumayankha kwambiri pakukula kwa nkhumba (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). Kudya chakudya ndi mphamvu ya chakudya cha nkhumba zoyamwitsa kunachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa AM (regmi et al., 2011). Komabe, umboni womwe ukutuluka ukunena kuti zakudya zokhala ndi am yokwera zimawonjezera phindu la tsiku ndi tsiku komanso mphamvu ya chakudya cha nkhumba zomwe zikukula (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019). Kuphatikiza apo, asayansi ena adanenanso kuti kudyetsa nkhumba zoyamwitsa zosiyanasiyana za AM / AP sikunakhudze momwe nkhumba zoyamwitsa zimakulira (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), pomwe zakudya zambiri za AP zinawonjezera kugaya kwa michere ya nkhumba zoyamwitsa (Gao et al., 2020A). Ulusi wazakudya ndi gawo laling'ono la chakudya chomwe chimachokera ku zomera. Vuto lalikulu ndilakuti ulusi wazakudya wambiri umagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito michere pang'ono komanso mphamvu zochepa (noble & Le, 2001). M'malo mwake, kudya ulusi pang'ono sikunakhudze momwe nkhumba zoyamwitsa zimakulira (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013). Zotsatira za ulusi wazakudya pakugwiritsa ntchito michere ndi mphamvu zonse zimakhudzidwa ndi mawonekedwe a ulusi, ndipo magwero osiyanasiyana a ulusi akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri (lndber, 2014). Mu nkhumba zoyamwitsa mkaka, kuwonjezera ndi ulusi wa nandolo kunali ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya chosinthika kuposa kudyetsa ulusi wa chimanga, ulusi wa soya ndi ulusi wa tirigu (Chen et al., 2014). Mofananamo, ana a nkhumba oyamwitsa mkaka omwe amathandizidwa ndi chimanga ndi tirigu anasonyeza kuti chakudya chawo chimagwira bwino ntchito komanso kulemera kwawo kuposa omwe amathandizidwa ndi soya (Zhao et al., 2018). Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, panalibe kusiyana pakukula pakati pa gulu la ulusi wa tirigu ndi gulu la inulin (Hu et al., 2020). Kuphatikiza apo, poyerekeza ndi ana a nkhumba omwe ali mu gulu la cellulose ndi gulu la xylan, kuwonjezerako kunali kothandiza kwambiri β- Glucan imalepheretsa kukula kwa ana a nkhumba (Wu et al., 2018). Oligosaccharides ndi chakudya cholemera kwambiri cha molekyulu, chomwe chili pakati pa shuga ndi polysaccharides (voragen, 1998). Ali ndi mphamvu zofunika kwambiri pa thupi ndi kapangidwe kake, kuphatikizapo mphamvu zochepa za kalori komanso kulimbikitsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya opindulitsa, kotero angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati ma probiotics azakudya (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto ndi mancilha, 2007). Kuwonjezera chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) kungathandize kugaya zakudya, kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa matenda otsegula m'mimba komanso kusintha mawonekedwe a m'mimba, motero kungathandize kukula kwa nkhumba zoyamwitsa (Zhou et al., 2012). Kuphatikiza apo, zakudya zowonjezera ndi cos zitha kupititsa patsogolo kubereka kwa nkhumba zazikazi (chiwerengero cha ana a nkhumba amoyo) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) komanso kukula kwa nkhumba zomwe zikukula (wontae et al., 2008). Kuwonjezera MOS ndi fructooligosaccharide kungathandizenso kuti nkhumba zikule bwino (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013). Malipoti awa akusonyeza kuti chakudya chamagulu osiyanasiyana chimakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa kukula kwa nkhumba (tebulo 2a).

3.2 Ntchito ya m'mimba

Stachi wochuluka wa am/ap ungathandize thanzi la m'mimba (tribyrin(Kuteteza nkhumba) mwa kulimbikitsa mawonekedwe a m'mimba ndikuwongolera ntchito ya m'mimba yokhudzana ndi kufotokozera majini mu nkhumba zoyamwitsa mkaka (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011). Chiŵerengero cha kutalika kwa villi ndi kutalika kwa villi ndi kuzama kwa ileum ndi jejunum chinali chachikulu pamene chinadyetsedwa ndi zakudya zambiri za am, ndipo kuchuluka kwa apoptosis m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono kunali kotsika. Nthawi yomweyo, chinawonjezeranso kufotokozera kwa majini otsekereza mu duodenum ndi jejunum, pomwe mu gulu la AP yapamwamba, ntchito za sucrose ndi maltase mu jejunum ya nkhumba zoyamwitsa mkaka zinawonjezeka (Gao et al., 2020b). Mofananamo, ntchito yapitayi inapeza kuti zakudya zolemera za am rich zinachepetsa pH ndi zakudya zolemera za AP zinawonjezera chiwerengero chonse cha mabakiteriya mu caecum ya nkhumba zoyamwitsa mkaka (Gao et al., 2020A). Ulusi wazakudya ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza kukula kwa matumbo ndi ntchito ya nkhumba. Umboni wosonkhanitsidwa umasonyeza kuti ulusi wa zakudya umathandizira kaonekedwe ka matumbo ndi ntchito yotchinga ya nkhumba zoyamwitsa, komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda otsegula m'mimba (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber, 2014； Wu et al., 2018). Kusowa kwa ulusi wa zakudya kumawonjezera kuthekera kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikusokoneza ntchito yotchinga ya mucosa ya m'matumbo (Desai et al., 2016), pomwe kudyetsa ndi ulusi wosasungunuka kwambiri kumatha kupewa matenda powonjezera kutalika kwa villi mu nkhumba (hedemann et al., 2006). Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulusi imakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa ntchito ya chotchinga cha m'matumbo ndi ileum. Ulusi wa tirigu ndi nandolo umathandizira ntchito yotchinga m'matumbo powongolera mawonekedwe a majini a TLR2 ndikukweza magulu a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo poyerekeza ndi ulusi wa chimanga ndi soya (Chen et al., 2015). Kumeza ulusi wa nandolo kwa nthawi yayitali kumatha kulamulira mawonekedwe a majini kapena mapuloteni okhudzana ndi kagayidwe kachakudya, motero kumawongolera magwiridwe antchito a chotchinga cha m'matumbo ndi chitetezo chamthupi (Che et al., 2014). Inulin yomwe ili mu zakudya imatha kupewa kusokonezeka kwa m'mimba mwa ana a nkhumba omwe asiya kuyamwa powonjezera kulowa kwa m'mimba (Awad et al., 2013). Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kuphatikiza kwa sungunuka (inulin) ndi ulusi wosasungunuka (cellulose) ndikothandiza kwambiri kuposa kokha, komwe kungathandize kuyamwa zakudya ndi ntchito yotchinga m'matumbo mwa nkhumba zomwe zasiya kuyamwa (Chen et al., 2019). Zotsatira za ulusi wazakudya pa mucosa wa m'matumbo zimadalira zigawo zake. Kafukufuku wakale adapeza kuti xylan idathandizira ntchito yotchinga m'matumbo, komanso kusintha kwa mabakiteriya ndi metabolites, ndipo glucan idathandizira ntchito yotchinga m'matumbo ndi thanzi la mucosal, koma kuwonjezera kwa cellulose sikunawonetse zotsatira zofanana mu nkhumba zomwe zasiya kuyamwa (Wu et al., 2018). Oligosaccharides angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati magwero a kaboni a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo apamwamba m'malo mogayidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuonjezera fructose kumatha kuwonjezera makulidwe a mucosa wa m'matumbo, kupanga butyric acid, kuchuluka kwa maselo obwerera m'mimba komanso kuchuluka kwa maselo a epithelial m'matumbo mwa nkhumba zomwe zasiya kuyamwa (Tsukahara et al., 2003). Ma Pectin oligosaccharides amatha kusintha ntchito yotchinga matumbo ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa matumbo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha rotavirus mwa ana a nkhumba (Mao et al., 2017). Kuphatikiza apo, zapezeka kuti cos imatha kulimbikitsa kwambiri kukula kwa mucosa yamatumbo ndikuwonjezera kwambiri mawonekedwe a majini oletsa mwa ana a nkhumba (WAN, Jiang, et al. mwanjira yonse, izi zikusonyeza kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chakudya imatha kusintha ntchito ya m'matumbo mwa ana a nkhumba (tebulo 2b).

Chidule ndi Chiyembekezo

Chakudya cham'mimba ndiye gwero lalikulu la mphamvu ya nkhumba, lomwe limapangidwa ndi ma monosaccharides osiyanasiyana, ma disaccharides, ma oligosaccharides ndi ma polysaccharides. Mawu ozikidwa pa makhalidwe a thupi amathandiza kuyang'ana kwambiri ntchito zomwe zingatheke za chakudya cham'mimba ndikuwongolera kulondola kwa kagayidwe ka chakudya. Kapangidwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chakudya cham'mimba zimakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pakusunga magwiridwe antchito akukula, kulimbikitsa ntchito ya m'mimba ndi kulinganiza bwino kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso kuwongolera kagayidwe ka mafuta ndi shuga. Njira yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito polamulira kagayidwe ka mafuta ndi shuga imachokera ku metabolites awo (SCFAs), omwe amapangidwa ndi microbiota ya m'mimba. Makamaka, chakudya cham'mimba chomwe chili muzakudya chingathe kulamulira kagayidwe ka shuga kudzera mu njira za scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY ndi ampk-g6pase / PEPCK, ndikuwongolera kagayidwe ka mafuta kudzera mu njira za scfas-gpr43 / 41 ndi amp / atp-ampk. Kuphatikiza apo, pamene mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chakudya ili mu kuphatikizana kwabwino, magwiridwe antchito a kukula ndi thanzi la nkhumba zitha kukhala bwino.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ntchito zomwe zingachitike za chakudya m'thupi pokonza mapuloteni ndi majini komanso kagayidwe kachakudya zidzapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyezera mapuloteni, majini ndi metabonomics. Pomaliza, kuwunika mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chakudya m'thupi ndikofunika kwambiri kuti munthu aphunzire zakudya zosiyanasiyana za chakudya m'thupi popanga nkhumba.

Chitsime: Nyuzipepala ya Sayansi ya Zinyama