Betaine ndi chinthu chachilengedwe chomwe chimapezeka kwambiri m'zomera ndi nyama. Monga chowonjezera cha chakudya, chimaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a anhydrous kapena hydrochloride. Chikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku chakudya cha nyama pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana.
Choyamba, zolinga izi zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi mphamvu yothandiza kwambiri ya betaine yopereka methyl, yomwe imapezeka kwambiri m'chiwindi. Chifukwa cha kusamutsa magulu osakhazikika a methyl, kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga methionine, carnitine ndi creatine kumalimbikitsidwa. Mwanjira imeneyi, betaine imakhudza kagayidwe ka mapuloteni, mafuta ndi mphamvu, motero imasinthira bwino kapangidwe ka nyama.
Kachiwiri, cholinga chowonjezera betaine mu chakudya chingakhale chogwirizana ndi ntchito yake ngati choteteza chachilengedwe. Mu ntchito iyi, betaine imathandiza maselo m'thupi lonse kusunga bwino madzi ndi ntchito za maselo, makamaka panthawi yamavuto. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi zotsatira zabwino za betaine pa nyama zomwe zimavutika ndi kutentha.
Mu nkhumba, phindu losiyanasiyana la betaine lafotokozedwa. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza za ntchito ya betaine monga chakudya chowonjezera pa thanzi la matumbo a ana a nkhumba olekanitsidwa.
Kafukufuku wambiri wa betaine wanena za momwe michere imagayidwira mu ileum kapena kugaya chakudya konse kwa nkhumba. Kuwona mobwerezabwereza kwa kuchuluka kwa kugaya chakudya kwa ileal (ulusi wosaphika kapena ulusi wosalowerera komanso wothira asidi) kukuwonetsa kuti betaine imalimbikitsa kuwira kwa mabakiteriya omwe ali kale m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono, chifukwa maselo am'mimba sapanga ma enzymes owononga ulusi. Gawo la ulusi la chomera lili ndi michere, yomwe imatha kutulutsidwa panthawi ya kuwonongeka kwa ulusi wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Chifukwa chake, kugaya bwino kwa zinthu zouma ndi phulusa lopanda kanthu kunawonedwanso. Pa mulingo wonse wa kugaya chakudya, zanenedwa kuti ana a nkhumba omwe amawonjezeredwa ndi zakudya za 800 mg betaine/kg amakhala ndi mapuloteni osaphika bwino (+6.4%) ndi zinthu zouma (+4.2%). Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti powonjezera 1,250 mg/kg betaine, kugaya bwino kwa mapuloteni osaphika (+3.7%) ndi ether extract (+6.7%) kunakhala bwino.
Chifukwa chimodzi chomwe chingapangitse kuti michere isamagayike bwino ndi momwe betaine imagwirira ntchito pakupanga ma enzyme. Mu kafukufuku waposachedwa wa in vivo wokhudza kuwonjezera betaine ku ana a nkhumba olekanitsidwa, ntchito ya ma enzyme ogaya chakudya (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin ndi chymotrypsin) mu chyme idayesedwa (Chithunzi 1). Ma enzyme onse kupatula maltase adawonetsa ntchito yowonjezera, ndipo zotsatira za betaine zinali zodziwika bwino pa 2,500 mg ya betaine/kg kuposa 1,250 mg/kg. Kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito kungakhale chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kupanga ma enzyme, kapena kungakhale chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya catalytic ya enzyme.
Chithunzi 1-Kayendedwe ka enzyme ya m'mimba ya ana a nkhumba yowonjezeredwa ndi 0 mg/kg, 1,250 mg/kg kapena 2,500 mg/kg betaine.
Mu mayeso a in vitro, zinatsimikiziridwa kuti powonjezera NaCl kuti ipange kuthamanga kwa osmotic, ntchito za trypsin ndi amylase zinalepheretsedwa. Kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa betaine pa mayesowa kunabwezeretsa mphamvu yoletsa ya NaCl komanso kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya enzyme. Komabe, pamene NaCl sinawonjezedwe mu yankho la buffer, betaine siikhudza ntchito ya enzyme pamlingo wotsika, koma imasonyeza mphamvu yoletsa pamlingo wapamwamba.
Sikuti kuchuluka kwa kugaya chakudya kokha komwe kungafotokoze kuwonjezeka kwa kukula kwa nkhumba komanso kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe chimaperekedwa kwa nkhumba zomwe zimawonjezeredwa ndi betaine. Kuwonjezera betaine ku zakudya za nkhumba kumachepetsanso mphamvu zomwe nyamayo imafunikira pakusamalira. Lingaliro la izi ndilakuti pamene betaine ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusunga kuthamanga kwa osmotic mkati mwa maselo, kufunikira kwa mapampu a ion kumachepa, zomwe ndi njira yomwe imafuna mphamvu. Pankhani ya kudya mphamvu zochepa, zotsatira za betaine yowonjezera zikuyembekezeka kuonekera kwambiri powonjezera mphamvu kuti zikule m'malo mokonza.
Maselo a epithelial omwe ali pakhoma la matumbo amafunika kuthana ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana za osmotic zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zomwe zili mu luminal panthawi yogaya michere. Nthawi yomweyo, maselo a m'matumbo awa amafunika kuwongolera kusinthana kwa madzi ndi michere yosiyanasiyana pakati pa lumen ya m'matumbo ndi plasma. Pofuna kuteteza maselo ku zovuta izi, betaine ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cholowa m'thupi. Poona kuchuluka kwa betaine m'maselo osiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwa betaine m'maselo a m'matumbo kumakhala kwakukulu. Kuphatikiza apo, zawonedwa kuti milingo iyi imakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa betaine m'zakudya. Maselo olinganizidwa bwino adzakhala ndi kuchulukana bwino komanso kuthekera kochira bwino. Chifukwa chake, ofufuza adapeza kuti kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa betaine kwa ana a nkhumba kumawonjezera kutalika kwa duodenal villi ndi kuzama kwa ma crypts a ileal, ndipo villi ndi yofanana kwambiri.
Mu kafukufuku wina, kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika kwa villi mu duodenum, jejunum, ndi ileum kunawonedwa, koma sikunakhudze kuya kwa ma crypts. Monga momwe taonera mu nkhuku za broiler zomwe zili ndi kachilombo ka coccidia, mphamvu yoteteza ya betaine pa kapangidwe ka matumbo ikhoza kukhala yofunika kwambiri pamavuto ena (osmotic).
Chotchinga cha m'mimba chimapangidwa makamaka ndi maselo a epithelial, omwe amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake ndi mapuloteni olimba. Kulimba kwa chotchinga ichi ndikofunikira kuti zinthu zovulaza ndi mabakiteriya opatsirana asalowe, zomwe zingayambitse kutupa. Kwa nkhumba, zotsatira zoyipa za chotchinga cha m'mimba zimaonedwa kuti ndi zotsatira za kuipitsidwa kwa mycotoxin mu chakudya, kapena chimodzi mwa zotsatira zoyipa za kutentha.
Pofuna kuyeza momwe zinthu zilili pa chotchinga, mayeso a maselo mu vitro nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kukana kwa magetsi kwa transepithelial (TEER). Pogwiritsa ntchito betaine, TEER yabwino imatha kuwonedwa m'mayesero angapo mu vitro. Batire ikakumana ndi kutentha kwambiri (42°C), TEER imachepa (Chithunzi 2). Kuwonjezeredwa kwa betaine ku malo okulira a maselo omwe amakumana ndi kutentha kunathetsa kuchepa kwa TEER, kusonyeza kukana kutentha kwambiri.
Chithunzi 2- Zotsatira za kutentha kwambiri ndi betaine mu vitro pa kukana kwa transepithelial ya maselo (TEER).
Kuphatikiza apo, mu kafukufuku wa in vivo mwa ana a nkhumba, kuwonjezeka kwa kuwonetsa kwa mapuloteni olimba (occludin, claudin1, ndi zonula occludens-1) mu minofu ya jejunum ya nyama zomwe zidalandira 1,250 mg/kg betaine kunayesedwa poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira. Kuphatikiza apo, monga chizindikiro cha kuwonongeka kwa mucosal ya m'matumbo, ntchito ya diamine oxidase mu plasma ya nkhumba izi idachepa kwambiri, kusonyeza chotchinga champhamvu cha m'matumbo. Pamene betaine idawonjezeredwa ku zakudya za nkhumba zomwe zikukula, kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yolimba ya m'matumbo kudayesedwa panthawi yophedwa.
Posachedwapa, maphunziro angapo agwirizanitsa betaine ndi dongosolo la antioxidant ndipo afotokoza kuchepa kwa ma free radicals, kuchepa kwa malondialdehyde (MDA), komanso kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito ya glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
Betaine siigwira ntchito ngati osmoprotector mwa nyama zokha. Kuphatikiza apo, mabakiteriya ambiri amatha kusonkhanitsa betaine kudzera mu de novo synthesis kapena mayendedwe kuchokera ku chilengedwe. Pali zizindikiro zoti betaine ikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pa kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya m'mimba mwa ana a nkhumba oleka kuyamwa. Chiwerengero chonse cha mabakiteriya a ileal, makamaka bifidobacteria ndi lactobacilli, chawonjezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kochepa kwa Enterobacter kunapezeka mu ndowe.
Pomaliza, zapezeka kuti betaine imakhudza thanzi la m'mimba mwa ana a nkhumba omwe asiya kuyamwa ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kutsegula m'mimba. Izi zitha kudalira mlingo: chakudya chowonjezera cha 2,500 mg/kg betaine chimagwira ntchito bwino kuposa 1,250 mg/kg betaine pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa kutsegula m'mimba. Komabe, magwiridwe antchito a ana a nkhumba omwe asiya kuyamwa pamlingo wowonjezera awiriwa anali ofanana. Ofufuza ena awonetsa kuti pamene 800 mg/kg ya betaine yowonjezeredwa, kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa kutsegula m'mimba mwa ana a nkhumba omwe asiya kuyamwa kumakhala kochepa.
Betaine ili ndi pKa yotsika ya pafupifupi 1.8, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti betaine HCl isungunuke mutatha kumwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asidi m'mimba achuluke.
Chakudya chosangalatsa ndichakuti betaine hydrochloride ikhoza kukhala ndi asidi ngati gwero la betaine. Mu mankhwala a anthu, betaine HCl supplements nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi pepsin kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi mavuto am'mimba komanso mavuto am'mimba. Pankhaniyi, betaine hydrochloride ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati gwero lotetezeka la hydrochloric acid. Ngakhale palibe chidziwitso pa izi pamene betaine hydrochloride ili mu chakudya cha ana a nkhumba, zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri.
Ndizodziwika bwino kuti pH ya madzi a m'mimba mwa ana a nkhumba olekanitsidwa ikhoza kukhala yokwera (pH>4), zomwe zingakhudze kuyambika kwa pepsin precursor ku precursor yake ya pepsinogen. Kugaya bwino mapuloteni sikofunikira kokha kuti nyama zipeze michere iyi. Kuphatikiza apo, mapuloteni osagaya bwino chakudya amatha kubweretsa kuchulukana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuwonjezera vuto la kutsegula m'mimba pambuyo posiya kuyamwa. Betaine ili ndi pKa yotsika ya pafupifupi 1.8, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti betaine HCl isungunuke mutatha kudya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti acidity ya m'mimba ichuluke.
Kubwezeretsanso asidi kwakanthawi kochepa kumeneku kwawonedwa mu kafukufuku woyambirira mwa anthu ndi maphunziro mwa agalu. Pambuyo pa mlingo umodzi wa 750 mg kapena 1,500 mg wa betaine hydrochloride, pH ya m'mimba mwa agalu omwe kale ankachiritsidwa ndi mankhwala ochepetsa asidi m'mimba idatsika kwambiri kuchokera pa 7 mpaka 2 pH. Komabe, mwa agalu oletsa omwe sanalandire chithandizo, pH ya m'mimba inali pafupifupi 2, zomwe sizinali zokhudzana ndi betaine HCl supplementation.
Betaine imakhudza thanzi la matumbo a ana a nkhumba omwe asiya kuyamwa. Kuwunika kwa mabuku awa kukuwonetsa mwayi wosiyanasiyana wa betaine wothandizira kugaya ndi kuyamwa michere, kukonza zotchinga zakuthupi, kusintha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zodzitetezera za ana a nkhumba.