Njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera zakudya zikuyesedwa nthawi zonse kuti ziwongolere ubwino wa nyama ya nkhuku. Betaine ili ndi mphamvu zapadera zowongolere ubwino wa nyama chifukwa imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulamulira bwino osmotic balance, kagayidwe ka michere m'thupi komanso mphamvu ya antioxidant ya nkhuku. Koma kodi iyenera kuperekedwa bwanji kuti igwiritse ntchito ubwino wake wonse?

Mu kafukufuku waposachedwa wofalitsidwa mu Poultry Science, ofufuza anayesa kuyankha funso lomwe lili pamwambapa poyerekeza momwe nkhuku zimakulira komanso ubwino wa nyama ndi mitundu iwiri yabetaine: betaine yopanda madzi ndi betaine ya hydrochloride.

Betaine imapezeka makamaka ngati chakudya chowonjezera mu mawonekedwe oyeretsedwa ndi mankhwala. Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya betaine yodyera ndi anhydrous betaine ndi hydrochloride betaine. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kudya nyama ya nkhuku, njira zolimira kwambiri zayambitsidwa popanga nkhuku kuti ziwongolere zokolola. Komabe, kupanga nkhuku molimbika kumeneku kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoipa pa nkhuku, monga kusapeza bwino komanso kuchepa kwa ubwino wa nyama.

Njira ina yothandiza yogwiritsira ntchito maantibayotiki m'nkhuku

Chotsutsana ndi ichi n'chakuti kusintha miyoyo ya anthu kumatanthauza kuti ogula amayembekezera kukoma kwabwino komanso zinthu zabwino kwambiri za nyama. Chifukwa chake, njira zosiyanasiyana zodyetsera nyama zayesedwa kuti ziwongolere mtundu wa nyama ya nkhuku zomwe betaine yalandira chidwi chachikulu chifukwa cha ntchito zake zopatsa thanzi komanso za thupi.

Anhydrous vs. hydrochloride

Magwero odziwika bwino a betaine ndi shuga beets ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimachokera ku chakudya, monga molasses. Komabe, betaine imapezekanso ngati chowonjezera cha chakudya chokhala ndi mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya chakudya.betaineNdi betaine ya anhydrous ndi betaine ya hydrochloride.

Kawirikawiri, betaine, monga wopereka methyl, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulamulira bwino osmotic balance, kagayidwe ka michere ndi mphamvu ya antioxidant ya nkhuku. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka mamolekyu osiyanasiyana, anhydrous betaine imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi poyerekeza ndi hydrochloride betaine, motero imawonjezera mphamvu yake ya osmotic. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, hydrochloride betaine imayambitsa kuchepa kwa pH m'mimba, motero ikhoza kukhudza kuyamwa kwa michere mwanjira yosiyana ndi anhydrous betaine.

Zakudya

Kafukufukuyu adafufuza momwe mitundu iwiri ya betaine (anhydrous betaine ndi hydrochloride betaine) imakhudzira kukula kwa nkhuku, ubwino wa nyama, komanso mphamvu ya antioxidant ya nkhuku zoyamwitsa. Anapiye aamuna okwana 400 omwe angobadwa kumene anagawidwa mwachisawawa m'magulu 5 ndipo anadyetsedwa zakudya 5 panthawi yoyeserera kudya kwa masiku 52.

Magwero awiri a betaine adapangidwa kuti akhale ofanana. Zakudya zinali motere.
Kulamulira: Nkhuku za m'gulu loyang'anira zinadyetsedwa chakudya cha chimanga ndi soya.
Zakudya za betaine zopanda madzi: Zakudya zoyambira zowonjezera ndi kuchuluka kwa betaine wa 500 ndi 1,000 mg/kg wopanda madzi.
Zakudya za Hydrochloride betaine: Zakudya zoyambira zowonjezeredwa ndi kuchuluka kwa 642.23 ndi 1284.46 mg/kg ya hydrochloride betaine.

Kukula bwino ndi kukolola nyama

Mu kafukufukuyu, zakudya zomwe zinawonjezeredwa ndi mankhwala ambiri a anhydrous betaine zinathandiza kwambiri kulemera, kudya chakudya, zinachepetsa FCR komanso zinathandiza kuti minofu ya m'mawere ndi m'chiuno ikule bwino poyerekeza ndi magulu onse a hydrochloride betaine. Kuwonjezeka kwa kukula kwa thupi kunagwirizananso ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mapuloteni omwe amapezeka m'minofu ya m'mawere: Mankhwala ambiri a anhydrous betaine anawonjezeka kwambiri (ndi 4.7%) m'minofu ya m'mawere pomwe mankhwala ambiri a hydrochloride betaine anawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni a minofu ya m'mawere (ndi 3.9%).

Ananenanso kuti izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa chakuti betaine imatha kutenga nawo mbali mu methionine cycle kuti isunge methionine pogwira ntchito ngati wopereka methyl, motero methionine yambiri ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mapuloteni a minofu. Udindo womwewo unaperekedwanso ku ntchito ya betaine pakulamulira momwe majini amagwirira ntchito komanso njira yolumikizirana ya insulin-like growth factor-1 yomwe imalimbikitsa kuwonjezeka kwa mapuloteni a minofu.

Kuphatikiza apo, zinawonetsedwa kuti betaine yopanda madzi imakoma bwino, pomwe betaine ya hydrochloride imakoma kwambiri, zomwe zingakhudze kukoma kwa chakudya ndi kudya kwa nkhuku. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yogayira ndi kuyamwa kwa michere imadalira epithelium ya m'mimba yosasinthika, kotero mphamvu ya osmotic ya betaine ingakhudze bwino kugaya chakudya. Betaine yopanda madzi imawonetsa mphamvu ya osmotic kuposa hydrochloride betaine chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwake kwakukulu. Chifukwa chake, nkhuku zodyetsedwa ndi betaine yopanda madzi zimatha kukhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yokugaya chakudya kuposa zomwe zimadyetsedwa ndi hydrochloride betaine.

Kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa m'thupi (anaerobic glycolysis) ndi mphamvu ya antioxidant m'thupi ndi zizindikiro ziwiri zofunika kwambiri za ubwino wa nyama. Pambuyo pa kutuluka magazi, kutha kwa mpweya m'thupi kumasintha kagayidwe ka minofu. Kenako, kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa m'thupi (anaerobic glycolysis) kumachitika mosalephera ndipo kumayambitsa kuchuluka kwa lactic acid m'thupi.

Mu kafukufukuyu, zakudya zowonjezeredwa ndi mankhwala ambiri a anhydrous betaine zinachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa lactate m'minofu ya m'mawere. Kuchuluka kwa lactic acid m'minofu ndiyo chifukwa chachikulu chomwe pH ya minofu imachepa pambuyo pophedwa. Kuchuluka kwa pH ya minofu ya m'mawere yokhala ndi betaine yowonjezera mu kafukufukuyu kunasonyeza kuti betaine ikhoza kukhudza glycolysis ya minofu pambuyo pa imfa kuti ichepetse kuchuluka kwa lactate m'minofu ndi kuchepa kwa mapuloteni, zomwe zimachepetsa kutayika kwa madzi m'thupi.

Kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi, makamaka kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi, ndi chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimapangitsa kuti ubwino wa nyama uchepe zomwe zimachepetsa thanzi la thupi komanso zimayambitsa mavuto a kapangidwe kake. Mu kafukufukuyu, zakudya zowonjezera ndi betaine wambiri zinachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa MDA m'misempha ya m'mawere ndi m'ntchafu, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti betaine ikhoza kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa okosijeni m'thupi.

Kuchuluka kwa ma mRNA a majini oletsa ma antioxidants (Nrf2 ndi HO-1) kunawonjezeka kwambiri mu gulu la betaine lopanda madzi kuposa zakudya za hydrochloride betaine, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya antioxidant ya minofu.

Mlingo woyenera

Kuchokera mu kafukufukuyu, ofufuzawo adatsimikiza kuti anhydrous betaine ikuwonetsa zotsatira zabwino kuposa hydrochloride betaine pakukweza magwiridwe antchito akukula komanso kukolola minofu ya m'mawere mwa nkhuku za broiler. Anhydrous betaine (1,000 mg/kg) kapena equimolar hydrochloride betaine yowonjezera ingathandizenso kukonza ubwino wa nyama ya nkhuku za broiler pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa lactate kuti iwonjezere pH ya minofu, zomwe zimakhudza kufalikira kwa madzi a nyama kuti achepetse kutaya madzi, komanso kukulitsa mphamvu ya antioxidant ya minofu. Poganizira momwe kukula kumakhalira komanso ubwino wa nyama, 1,000 mg/kg anhydrous betaine idalimbikitsidwa kwa nkhuku za broiler.