Kuponya zipolopolondi mgwirizano wofunikira pakukula kwa nkhanu. Penaeus vannamei amafunika kusungunuka kangapo m'moyo wake kuti akwaniritse muyezo wa kukula kwa thupi.

Ⅰ, Kuphwanya malamulo a Penaeus vannamei

Thupi la Penaeus vannamei liyenera kusungunuka nthawi ndi nthawi kuti likwaniritse cholinga cha kukula. Pamene kutentha kwa madzi kuli 28 ℃, nkhanu zazing'ono zimasungunuka kamodzi mu maola 30 ~ 40; Nkhanu zazing'ono zolemera 1 ~ 5g zimasungunuka kamodzi mu masiku 4 ~ 6; Nkhanu zopitirira 15g nthawi zambiri zimasungunuka kamodzi pa masabata awiri aliwonse.

Ⅱ、 Kusanthula zizindikiro zingapo ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kusungunuka kwa madzi

1. Zizindikiro zingapo za nthawi yosungunuka

Chipolopolo cha nkhanu ndi cholimba kwambiri, chomwe chimadziwika kuti "nkhanu yachitsulo". Chili ndi mimba yopanda kanthu kapena mimba yotsala. Sichingathe kuona bwino matumbo, utoto womwe uli pamwamba pa thupi umazama, ndipo utoto wachikasu umawonjezeka kwambiri. Makamaka, mbali zonse ziwiri za operculum ndi zakuda, zofiira ndi zachikasu, ulusi wa gill ndi wotupa, woyera, wachikasu ndi wakuda, ndipo masitepe ndi mapazi ali ndi madontho ofiira. Mawonekedwe a hepatopancreas ndi omveka bwino, osati otupa kapena ofooka, ndipo mawonekedwe a mtima ndi osamveka bwino komanso achikasu amatope.

2. Nsomba za shrimp nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ma ciliates ambiri

Chipolopolo cha nkhanu ndi khungu la magawo awiri, lomwe lingachotsedwe popotoza khungu pang'onopang'ono. Khungu ndi lofooka kwambiri, lodziwika bwino kuti "nkhanu ya khungu lachiwiri" kapena "nkhanu yophwanyika". Ndi lopyapyala, lokhala ndi melanin yambiri pamwamba pa thupi, kutupa ndi zilonda za ulusi wa gill, makamaka wachikasu ndi wakuda. Matumbo ndi m'mimba mulibe kanthu, mphamvu yofooka. Kugona chete pafupi ndi dziwe kapena kuyendayenda pamadzi, kusonyeza zizindikiro za hypoxia. Kumva kusintha kwa chilengedwe, ndi kusintha pang'ono komanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa imfa.

3. Njira yosungunula bwino ingathe kugawidwa m'magawo atatu otsatirawa:

1) Asanasungunuke, amatanthauza nthawi kuyambira kumapeto kwa kusungunuka komaliza mpaka kumayambiriro kwa kusungunuka kotsatira. Nthawi imasiyana malinga ndi kutalika kwa thupi, nthawi zambiri pakati pa masiku 12 ndi 15. Munthawi imeneyi, Penaeus vannamei makamaka amasonkhanitsa zakudya, makamaka calcium.

2) Kusungunuka, masekondi ochepa okha mpaka mphindi zoposa khumi. Kusungunuka kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Ngati nkhanu zili zofooka kapena sizikusonkhanitsa zakudya m'thupi, nthawi zambiri zimasungunuka bwino ndipo zimapanga chipolopolo cha zigawo ziwiri.

3) Pambuyo posungunuka, zimatanthauza nthawi yomwe khungu latsopano limasintha kuchoka pa lofewa kupita pa lolimba, ndipo nthawiyi ndi pafupifupi masiku 2 mpaka 1.5 (kupatula mbande za nkhanu). Chipolopolo chakale chikachotsedwa, chipolopolo chatsopano sichingathe kusungunuka pakapita nthawi, motero kupanga "nkhanu yofewa".

4. Kuchepa kwa ubwino wa madzi ndi kusowa kwa zakudya ndiye zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa.

Kuwonongeka kwa ubwino wa madzi nthawi zambiri kumachitika m'madziwe okhala ndi mtundu wokhuthala kwambiri wa madzi, ndipo kuwonekera bwino kumakhala pafupifupi zero. Pali mafilimu amafuta ndi algae ambiri akufa pamwamba pa madzi, ndipo nthawi zina pamakhala fungo la nsomba pamwamba pa madzi. Panthawiyi, algae amachulukana kwambiri, ndipo mpweya wosungunuka pamwamba pa madzi umakhala wodzaza kwambiri masana; Usiku, algae ambiri amakhala chinthu chogwiritsa ntchito mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wosungunuka ukhale wochepa pansi pa dziwe, zomwe zimakhudza kudya ndi kusungunuka kwa nkhanu. Kwa nthawi yayitali, chipolopolocho chimakhala cholimba kwambiri.

5. Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi poizoni wochokera kunja kungayambitse kusungunuka kwa nkhono, zomwe zimapangitsanso kuti pakhale "nkhandwe ziwiri za khungu" ndi "nkhandwe zofewa".

Ⅲ, Kufunika kwakuwonjezera calciumpa kusungunula kwa Penaeus vannamei:

Kalisiamu yomwe imasungidwa m'thupi la nkhanu imatayika kwambiri. Ngati dziko lakunja silikuwonjezeredwa pakapita nthawi, Penaeus vannamei sangathe kuyamwa kalisiamu yomwe imaperekedwa ndi thupi la m'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhono zisamayende bwino. Nthawi yolimba ya chipolopolo ikatha kusungunuka imakhala yayitali kwambiri. Ngati yagwidwa ndi mabakiteriya kapena kupsinjika panthawiyi, zimakhala zosavuta kufa m'magulu. Chifukwa chake, tiyenera kuwonjezera kalisiamu m'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira. Nkhanu imatha kuyamwa kalisiamu ndi mphamvu m'madzi kudzera mu kupuma ndi kulowa m'thupi.

Potaziyamu diformate +calcium propionateKuthandiza kuyeretsa madzi ndi calcium supplement sikungothandiza penaeus vannamei kusungunuka bwino, komanso kuletsa mabakiteriya ndikupewa kupsinjika, motero kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa ulimi wa nkhanu.