Nkhuku ndi nyama yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yomwe imapanga ndi kudya nyama. Pafupifupi 70% ya nkhuku padziko lonse lapansi imachokera ku nkhuku zoyera. Nkhuku ndi nyama yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri ku China. Nkhuku ku China makamaka imachokera ku nkhuku zoyera ndi nthenga ndi nthenga. Ndalama zomwe nkhuku zoyera zimathandiza pakupanga nkhuku ku China ndi pafupifupi 45%, ndipo nkhuku zoyera ndi nthenga ndi pafupifupi 38%.

Nkhuku zoyera zokhala ndi nthenga ndi zomwe zimakhala ndi chiŵerengero chochepa cha chakudya ndi nyama, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kuswana kwakukulu komanso kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kudalira kunja. Mitundu ya nkhuku zoyera zokhala ndi nthenga zachikasu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ku China zonse ndi zodziberekera zokha, ndipo chiwerengero cha mitundu yomwe imalimidwa ndi chachikulu kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yonse ya ziweto ndi nkhuku, chomwe ndi chitsanzo chabwino chosinthira ubwino wa mitundu yakomweko kukhala phindu la zinthu.

1, Mbiri ya chitukuko cha mitundu ya nkhuku

Nkhuku yoweta inaleredwa ndi mbalame ya ku Asian jungle pheasant zaka 7000-10000 zapitazo, ndipo mbiri yake yoleredwa inayambira zaka zoposa 1000 BC. Nkhuku yoweta ndi yofanana ndi nkhuku yoyambirira mu mawonekedwe a thupi, mtundu wa nthenga, nyimbo ndi zina zotero. Kafukufuku wa cytogenetic ndi morphological watsimikizira kuti nkhuku yoyambirira ndiye kholo lenileni la nkhuku yamakono yoweta. Pali mitundu inayi ya mtundu wa Gallinula, yomwe ndi yofiira (Gallus gallus, Chithunzi 3), kolala yobiriwira (Gallus zosiyanasiyana), mchira wakuda (Gallus lafayetii) ndi Gray Striped (Gallus sonnerati). Pali malingaliro awiri osiyana pa chiyambi cha nkhuku yoweta kuchokera ku nkhuku yoyambirira: chiphunzitso cha chiyambi chimodzi chimati nkhuku yoyambirira yofiira ikhoza kuleredwa kamodzi kapena kuposerapo; Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha chiyambi chosiyanasiyana, kuwonjezera pa mbalame yoweta yofiira, mbalame zina za m'nkhalango nazonso ndi makolo a nkhuku zoweta. Pakadali pano, maphunziro ambiri amathandizira chiphunzitso cha chiyambi chimodzi, kutanthauza kuti, nkhuku yoweta makamaka imachokera ku mbalame yoweta yofiira.

 

(1) Njira yoberekera nkhuku zakunja

Zisanafike zaka za m'ma 1930, kusankha magulu ndi kulima kopanda makolo kunkachitika. Anthu osankhidwa kwambiri anali kupanga mazira, nkhuku inali yopangidwa ndi zinthu zina, ndipo kuswana nkhuku kunali njira yachuma yaing'ono. Pogwiritsa ntchito bokosi la mazira lodzitsekera m'zaka za m'ma 1930, kupanga mazira kunasankhidwa malinga ndi mbiri ya kupanga mazira; M'zaka za m'ma 1930-50, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa chimanga chosakanikirana kawiri monga chizindikiro, heterosis inayambitsidwa mu kuswana nkhuku, komwe kunalowa m'malo mwa kuswana mzere woyera, ndipo kunakhala njira yaikulu yopangira nkhuku zamalonda. Njira zofananira za kusakaniza zapita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono kuyambira kusakaniza koyamba kwa binary mpaka kufananiza ternary ndi Quaternary. Kusankha bwino kwa mitundu yochepa komanso yocheperako kunakula pambuyo poti kulembedwa kwa makolo kunayamba mu 1940, ndipo kuchepa kwa kuswana komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi achibale apafupi kunatha kupewedwa. Pambuyo pa 1945, mayeso a zitsanzo mwachisawawa adachitidwa ndi mabungwe ena kapena malo oyesera ku Europe ndi America. Cholinga chake chinali kuyesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe ikuchita nawo kafukufukuyu pansi pa mikhalidwe yomweyi yachilengedwe, ndipo idachita gawo lofunikira pakukweza gawo la msika wa mitundu yabwino kwambiri ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri. Ntchito yoyezera magwiridwe antchitoyi idathetsedwa m'zaka za m'ma 1970. M'zaka za m'ma 1960-1980, kusankha kwakukulu kwa makhalidwe osavuta kuyeza, monga kupanga dzira, kuchuluka kwa kuswana, kuchuluka kwa kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya, kunkapangidwa makamaka ndi nkhuku ndi anthu omwe amadya m'nyumba. Kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa chakudya kuyambira m'ma 1980 kwakhala ndi gawo lachindunji pochepetsa kudya chakudya cha nkhuku ndikukweza kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuyambira m'ma 1990, makhalidwe opangira zinthu akhala akusamalidwa, monga kulemera kwa net bore ndi kulemera kwa sternum kopanda mafupa. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira majini monga kuneneratu kolondola kopanda tsankho (BLUP) ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wamakompyuta kumachita gawo lofunikira pakukula kwa kuswana. Pambuyo polowa m'zaka za m'ma 2000, kuswana kwa nkhuku kunayamba kuganizira za mtundu wa zinthu ndi ubwino wa ziweto. Pakadali pano, ukadaulo wobereketsa nkhuku zamtundu wa molecular womwe umaimiridwa ndi genome wide selection (GS) ukusintha kuchokera pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko kupita ku kugwiritsa ntchito.

(2) Njira yoberekera nkhuku za Broiler ku China

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800, nkhuku zakomweko ku China zinali patsogolo padziko lonse lapansi pakuika mazira ndi kupanga nyama. Mwachitsanzo, kuyambitsidwa kwa nkhuku ya wolf mountain ndi nkhuku yachikasu ya Jin zisanu ndi zinayi kuchokera ku Jiangsu ndi Shanghai ku China, kenako kuchokera ku UK kupita ku United States, pambuyo pobereka, yadziwika ngati mitundu yokhazikika m'maiko onse awiri. Nkhuku ya Langshan imaonedwa ngati mtundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito kawiri, ndipo nkhuku yachikasu ya Jin zisanu ndi zinayi imaonedwa ngati mtundu wa nyama. Mitundu iyi ili ndi mphamvu yofunika kwambiri pakupanga mitundu ina yotchuka padziko lonse ya ziweto ndi nkhuku, monga British oppington ndi Australian Black Australia yayambitsa ubale wamagazi wa nkhuku ya wolf mountain ku China. Rockcock, Luodao red ndi mitundu ina imagwiritsanso ntchito nkhuku yachikasu ya Jin zisanu ndi zinayi ngati zida zoberekera. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 mpaka 1930, mazira ndi nkhuku ndizofunikira kwambiri ku China. Koma patapita nthawi yayitali, makampani oweta nkhuku ku China amakhalabe pamlingo waukulu woweta, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nkhuku zomwe zimapangidwa sikuli bwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960, mitundu itatu ya nkhuku ya ku Huiyang, nkhuku ya Qingyuan hemp ndi nkhuku ya Shiqi inasankhidwa ngati zinthu zazikulu zopititsira patsogolo ku Hong Kong. Mtundu wosakanizidwawu unachitika pogwiritsa ntchito Han Xia yatsopano, bailoc, baikonish ndi habad kuti ubereke nkhuku yosakanizidwa ya Shiqi, yomwe idagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga ndi kudya nkhuku za ku Hong Kong. Kuyambira m'ma 1970 mpaka 1980, nkhuku yosakanizidwa ya Shiqi idabweretsedwa ku Guangdong ndi Guangxi, ndipo idasakanizidwa ndi nkhuku zoyera zoberekera, ndikupanga nkhuku yosinthidwa ya Shiqi ndipo idafalikira kwambiri pakupanga. Kuyambira m'ma 1960 mpaka 1980, tidagwiritsa ntchito kuswana kosakanikirana komanso kusankha mabanja kuti tilimire nkhuku zatsopano za m'mapiri a nkhandwe, nkhuku ya Xinpu East ndi nkhuku ya xinyangzhou. Kuyambira mu 1983 mpaka 2015, nkhuku zoberekera nthenga zachikasu zinayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoberekera kumpoto ndi kum'mwera, ndipo zinagwiritsa ntchito bwino kusiyana kwa nyengo, chakudya, mphamvu za anthu, ndi ukadaulo woberekera pakati pa kumpoto ndi kum'mwera, ndipo zinalera nkhuku za makolo m'madera akumpoto a Henan, Shanxi ndi Shaanxi. Mazira ogulitsa ankatumizidwa kum'mwera kuti akabereke ndi kulera, zomwe zinathandiza kuti nkhuku zoberekera nthenga zachikasu zigwire bwino ntchito. Kuberekera nthenga zachikasu mwadongosolo kunayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980. Kuyambitsidwa kwa majini opindulitsa monga majini otsika ndi ang'onoang'ono osunga tirigu (DW gene) ndi majini oberekera nthenga zoyera kunachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakuberekera nkhuku zoberekera nthenga zachikasu ku China. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mitundu ya nkhuku zoberekera nthenga zachikasu ku China zagwiritsa ntchito njirazi. Mu 1986, kampani yopanga nkhuku ya Guangzhou Baiyun inayambitsa nkhuku zoberekera zoyera ndi za Shiqi kuti zibereke nkhuku zoberekera nthenga zachikasu 882. Mu 1999, Shenzhen kangdal (Group) Co., Ltd. inapanga mtundu woyamba wa nkhuku zachikasu zofananira 128 (Chithunzi 4) zomwe zinavomerezedwa ndi boma. Pambuyo pake, ulimi watsopano wa nkhuku zachikasu ku China unayamba kukula mofulumira. Pofuna kugwirizanitsa kuyesa ndi kuvomereza mitundu ya nkhuku, bungwe la Nkhuku loyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira ndi kuyesa ubwino wa nkhuku (Yangzhou) la Unduna wa zaulimi ndi madera akumidzi (Beijing) linakhazikitsidwa mu 1998 ndi 2003 motsatana, ndipo linali ndi udindo woyesa momwe nkhuku zimagwirira ntchito mdziko lonse.

 

2、 Kupititsa patsogolo kuswana kwamakono kwa nkhuku za nkhuku kunyumba ndi kunja

(1) Chitukuko chakunja

Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, kupita patsogolo kwa kuswana kwa majini kwakhazikitsa maziko a kupanga nkhuku zamakono, kulimbikitsa kupanga mazira ndi nkhuku, ndipo kupanga nkhuku za nkhuku kwakhala makampani odziyimira pawokha a nkhuku. Kwa zaka 80 zapitazi, mayiko a North America ndi Western Europe akhala akuchita kuswana kwa majini mwadongosolo kuti akule bwino, kupereka chakudya ndi kupanga nyama ya nkhuku, ndikupanga mitundu ya nkhuku za nkhuku zoyera masiku ano ndipo mwachangu akutenga msika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Mzere wamwamuna wa nkhuku zoyera zamasiku ano ndi nkhuku yoyera ya Cornish, ndipo mzere wachikazi ndi nkhuku yoyera ya Plymouth Rock. Kuswana kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha kuswana mwadongosolo. Pakadali pano, kuphatikiza China, mitundu yayikulu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nkhuku zoyera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi ndi AA+, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard ndi mitundu ina ingapo, yomwe imachokera ku aviagen ndi Cobb vantress motsatana. Nkhuku zoyera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zili ndi njira yoberekera yokhwima komanso yangwiro, yopanga piramidi yopangidwa ndi gulu loberekera, agogo, agogo, makolo ndi nkhuku zamalonda. Zimatenga zaka 4-5 kuti chitukuko cha majini cha gulu lalikulu chifalikire ku nkhuku zogulitsa (Chithunzi 5). Nkhuku imodzi yaikulu imatha kupanga nkhuku zogulitsa zoposa 3 miliyoni ndi matani oposa 5000 a nkhuku. Pakadali pano, dziko lapansi limapanga magulu pafupifupi 11.6 miliyoni a obereketsa agogo aakazi oyera, magulu 600 miliyoni a obereketsa makolo ndi nkhuku zogulitsa 80 biliyoni chaka chilichonse.

 

3, Mavuto ndi mipata

（1） Kubereketsa nkhuku za nthenga zoyera

Poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi kwa kuswana nkhuku zoyera zokhala ndi nthenga zoyera, nthawi yoswana nkhuku zoyera zokhala ndi nthenga zoyera ku China ndi yochepa, maziko a kusonkhanitsa zinthu za majini zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ndi ofooka, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopano monga kuswana kwa mamolekyu sikukwanira, ndipo pali kusiyana kwakukulu mu kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo woyeretsa matenda komanso zinthu zodziwira matenda. Tsatanetsatane wake ndi uwu: 1. Makampani ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ali ndi mitundu yambiri yabwino kwambiri yomwe ikukula mwachangu komanso kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimapangidwa, ndipo kudzera mu kuphatikiza ndi kukonzanso makampani oswana nkhuku monga nkhuku zoswana nkhuku ndi zoyala, zipangizo ndi majini zimawonjezeka kwambiri, zomwe zimapereka chitsimikizo cha kuswana mitundu yatsopano; Kuswana nkhuku zoyera zokhala ndi nthenga ku China kuli ndi maziko ofooka komanso zipangizo zochepa zabwino zoswana nkhuku.

2. Ukadaulo wobereketsa. Poyerekeza ndi makampani apadziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi zaka zoposa 100 zakubereketsa, kubereketsa nkhuku zoyera ku China kunayamba mochedwa, ndipo pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kafukufuku ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wobereketsa bwino pakati pa kukula ndi kubereka ndi msinkhu wapamwamba wapadziko lonse lapansi. Mlingo wogwiritsira ntchito ukadaulo watsopano monga kubereketsa majini si wapamwamba; Kusowa kwa ukadaulo wolondola wa phenotype, kusonkhanitsa deta yokha komanso digiri yogwiritsira ntchito kutumiza ndi yotsika.

3. Ukadaulo woyeretsa matenda ochokera ku nkhuku. Makampani akuluakulu obereketsa nkhuku padziko lonse lapansi atenga njira zoyeretsera matenda opatsirana a khansa ya m'magazi ya mbalame, pullorum ndi mitundu ina, zomwe zathandiza kwambiri kuti zinthu zipambane. Kuyeretsa khansa ya m'magazi ya mbalame ndi pullorum ndi njira yochepa yomwe imalepheretsa chitukuko cha makampani obereketsa nkhuku ku China, ndipo zida zozindikirira zimadalira kwambiri zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja.

（2） Kubereketsa nkhuku za nthenga zachikasu

Kuswana ndi kupanga nkhuku zachikasu ku China kuli patsogolo padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mabizinesi oswana ndi kwakukulu, kukula kwake sikufanana, mphamvu zonse zaukadaulo ndizofooka, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba woswana sikukwanira, ndipo malo oswana ndi zida zake ndizochepa; Pali kuchuluka kwina koswana mobwerezabwereza, ndipo pali mitundu yochepa yodziwika bwino, magwiridwe antchito abwino komanso gawo lalikulu pamsika; Kwa nthawi yayitali, cholinga choswana ndikusintha mogwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa malonda a nkhuku zamoyo, monga mtundu wa nthenga, mawonekedwe a thupi ndi mawonekedwe, zomwe sizingakwaniritse zosowa za msika zopha nyama ndi zinthu zozizira pansi pa mkhalidwe watsopano.

Pali mitundu yambiri ya nkhuku zakomweko ku China, zomwe zapanga makhalidwe abwino kwambiri a majini pansi pa mikhalidwe yovuta komanso yachilengedwe komanso yachuma. Komabe, kwa nthawi yayitali, palibe kafukufuku wozama pa makhalidwe a germplasm, kufufuza ndi kuwunika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhuku sikukwanira, ndipo kusanthula ndi kuwunika sikuli kokwanira. Kuphatikiza apo, kupanga njira yowunikira zinthu zosiyanasiyana sikukwanira, ndipo kuwunika kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi kosinthika kwambiri, kokolola kwambiri komanso kokhala ndi khalidwe labwino kwambiri sikokwanira komanso mwadongosolo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti migodi ichepe kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito makhalidwe abwino a mitundu yakomweko, kumalepheretsa njira yotetezera, kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito majini akomweko, komanso kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa ulimi wa nkhuku ku China. Mpikisano wamsika wa zinthu za nkhuku ndi chitukuko chokhazikika cha makampani a nkhuku.